![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/RTEmagicC_0-strich-4_03.gif.gif\")
<\/p>\nAn article of J.J. Sinclair, published in the Newsletter of the Cape Gliding Club, Worcester SA<\/p>\n
JJ Sinclair retired from the Air Force in 1974 after 22 years of service. He flew as crew member on:
\nB-29 (left gunner)
\nKC-97 (boom operator)
\nB-52 (navigator & radar navigator)
\nRF-4C (navigator)
\nF-111F (navigator)
\nAfter retiring, JJ established an FAA Certified Glider Repair Station in Placerville, California, and operated that facility for over 20 years. He has flown 1000K zig-zag in his LS-7 as well a 1000K triangle in his Nimbus-3, but takes more pride in having flown Silver, Gold and Diamond Badge Flights in the wooden Duster that he constructed in 1973.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Good morning, class. Today we will be discussing an alarming statistic. In the past 30 years our soaring area has witnessed five fatal accidents in the mountains and three of these accidents have occurred within the last five years! Would one of you work up a trend analysis on those statistics?
\nThank you Mr. Kelly.
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/RTEmagicC_mountain.jpg.jpg\")
All these accidents involved experienced pilots flying modern sailplanes and most of them impacted with high energy, indicating a stall situation. Why would an experienced aviator inadvertently stall his aircraft, especially near the rocks? Everybody now look at the graphic, the top sailplane represents us flying into the page as we approach a mountain on our initial pass. We stay 300 feet away from the rocks and keep our speed up (minimum 120kph).
\nIs that safe enough?
\nMaybe not!
\nLet\u0092s just suppose there\u0092s trouble lurking out there in the form of a gigantic gust, a really strong thermal, a violent wind shear. For the purposes of our discussion we\u0092ll just call it a “zephyr” and its going to apply a differential rolling moment to our theoretical sailplane.
\nWhat\u0092s a differential rolling moment?
\nGood question, Mr. Green, it happens when our right wing flies into lift that is much stronger than what our left wing is experiencing. We are constantly looking for this, aren\u0092t we? We call it \u0093light wing\u0094 and turn into the wing that\u0092s coming up as soon as possible, because there\u0092s probably a thermal on the light wing side. Ever try to turn into the light wing and have the machine refuse to turn?
\nSure, happens all the time and we say something like, “Turn, you big beast, turn!” What\u0092s happening? Why won\u0092t the ship turn into the rising wing? Because, the thermal is stronger than the authority available in our ailerons. Another way to state this is; The thermal is trying to roll us left and we are trying to make the ship roll right. The result is a Mexican stand off and we fly straight with full right stick and rudder applied.
\nNow class, look at the second sailplane in the graphic. That\u0092s us, still flying into the page, but the zephyr\u0092s got us and its rolling us left into the mountain. We have applied full right stick and rudder, but the zephyr\u0092s stronger than the controls and we\u0092re still rolling left and there\u0092s rocks over there! Why is this happening? It is estimated that our ailerons can only counteract a differential moment of 2,5 m\/s. Let’s say there’s 6m\/s under our right wing and only 1,5 m\/s under our left wing. Reasonable figures?\u00a0 Sure, we see 6m\/s all the time on the Whites and in the Sierras, only near this damned mountain it\u0092s mostly under our right wing!
\nNow, look at the third ship. We\u0092re in real trouble, aren\u0092t we? There are rocks and trees up there on our canopy where the sky is supposed to be!\u00a0 We\u0092re experienced aviators and we don\u0092t panic, we continue to hold full right stick and rudder and apply forward stick to make the rocks stay away from our canopy.
\nSTOP ACTION. Class, remember what we learned in before? We can stall a ship in any attitude and at almost any airspeed, can\u0092t we? I believe it was in chapter 6 that we learned how to do a snap roll. All you had to do was slam in full rudder and full back stick and the airplane would do a snap roll in the direction of applied rudder. Can we stall a ship while inverted?
\nYes we can! OK, resume action.
\nWe\u0092re flying 120kph, holding full right rudder and the stick is now in the right forward corner. What\u0092s the ship likely to do? It might try to snap roll to the right, but the zephyr probably won\u0092t allow that, so I\u0092m betting it will just stall and fail and we have another mysterious high energy impact on the side of a mountain, don\u0092t we?
\nDoes it have to be this way? Are those of us who choose to fly close to the mountains, destined to become a high-energy impact, some day? NO!
\nI see Mr. Seamons has his hand up. OK, Sir what\u0092s our question? How do we prevent smacking the mountain? Good question, I was just getting to that. First of all, there are days where I won\u0092t get within 1.000 feet of the rocks. If I\u0092m approaching a mountain and the turbulence is so bad that things are flying around the cockpit. I don\u0092t get within 1.000 feet of the rocks.
\nLet say I\u0092m approaching the Whites, I\u0092m holding 65 knots and things seem fairly smooth. My computer tells me the westerly wind should make the canyon up ahead, work. But, what if there\u0092s a zephyr in the canyon? What if it tries to roll me into the mountain? As I get within 300 feet of the rocks, I roll the ship into a 30 degree right bank and hold it there with a bit of top rudder. Why? Because, I ‘m already banked away from the mountain, so if a zephyr tries to get me, I\u0092m ready apply all three control inputs to fight it with right stick, right rudder and back stick to make it turn away from the rocks.
\nI also follow all the normal rules about never turn directly into the mountain, always S-turn an area for a beat or two before attempting to circle. If I fly by an area that shows 1,5m\/s lift for 20 seconds, I turn away from the mountain and come back through the lift area to verify it really is workable lift. If it is, I turn 90 degrees away from the rocks, roll wings level for a count of 3 (you know 1000-one, 1000-two, 1000-three) then I turn back into the mountain. My 3-second burst flying away from the rocks gives me plenty of room to finish a turn into the mountain, but I\u0092m still not committed. As I face the rocks again, I ask myself; am I 100% sure I can finish this turn? Only if the answer is an unequivocal YES, do I continue. If I\u0092m not completely sure, I roll the other way and continue S-turning the area. If I do continue the turn, I may shallow out the turn as I come parallel to the rocks and let the ship drift in close, if that’s where the best lift is. I do this while holding a 30 degree bank angle AWAY from the rocks.
\nOK, that\u0092s enough for today, class dismissed!
\nOh, one more thing, always keep an escape route open! You may see some of this material on the quarterly exam. Mr. Kelly, you may give your accident trend analysis, first thing Monday morning, please hold it down to two minutes maximum.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
An article of J.J. Sinclair, published in the Newsletter of the Cape Gliding Club, Worcester SA About the author: JJ Sinclair retired from the Air Force in 1974 after 22 years of service. He flew as crew member on: B-29 (left gunner) KC-97 (boom operator) B-52 (navigator & radar navigator) RF-4C (navigator) F-111F (navigator) After […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":13414,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13613","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"rankMath":{"parentDomain":"dg-aviation.de","noFollowDomains":[],"noFollowExcludeDomains":[],"noFollowExternalLinks":false,"featuredImageNotice":"The featured image should be at least 200 by 200 pixels to be picked up by Facebook and other social media sites.","pluginReviewed":false,"postSettings":{"linkSuggestions":true,"useFocusKeyword":false},"frontEndScore":false,"postName":"dont-smack-the-mountain","permalinkFormat":"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/en\/%pagename%","showLockModifiedDate":true,"assessor":{"focusKeywordLink":"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/en\/wp-admin\/edit.php?focus_keyword=%focus_keyword%&post_type=%post_type%","hasTOCPlugin":false,"primaryTaxonomy":false,"serpData":{"title":"","description":"","focusKeywords":"","pillarContent":false,"canonicalUrl":"","breadcrumbTitle":"","advancedRobots":[],"facebookTitle":"","facebookDescription":"","facebookImage":"","facebookImageID":"","facebookHasOverlay":false,"facebookImageOverlay":"","facebookAuthor":"","twitterCardType":"","twitterUseFacebook":true,"twitterTitle":"","twitterDescription":"","twitterImage":"","twitterImageID":"","twitterHasOverlay":false,"twitterImageOverlay":"","twitterPlayerUrl":"","twitterPlayerSize":"","twitterPlayerStream":"","twitterPlayerStreamCtype":"","twitterAppDescription":"","twitterAppIphoneName":"","twitterAppIphoneID":"","twitterAppIphoneUrl":"","twitterAppIpadName":"","twitterAppIpadID":"","twitterAppIpadUrl":"","twitterAppGoogleplayName":"","twitterAppGoogleplayID":"","twitterAppGoogleplayUrl":"","twitterAppCountry":"","robots":{"index":true},"twitterAuthor":"username","primaryTerm":0,"authorName":"Friedel Weber","titleTemplate":"%title% %page% %sep% %sitename%","descriptionTemplate":"","showScoreFrontend":true,"lockModifiedDate":false},"powerWords":["a cut above","absolute","absolutely","absolutely lowest","absurd","abuse","accurate","accuse","achieve","actionable","adaptable","adequate","admit","adorable","advantage","advice","affordable","aggravate","aggressive","agitated","agonizing","agony","alarmed","alarming","alienated","aligned","alive","all-inclusive","alluring","always","amazing","amp","animated","annihilate","announcing","anonymous","antagonistic","anxious","apocalypse","appalled","approved","approving","argumentative","armageddon","arrogant","ass kicking","assault","assured","astonishing","astounded","astounding","at ease","atrocious","attack","attractive","audacity","authentic","authoritative","authority","avoid","aware","awe-inspiring","awesome","awkward","backbone","backdoor","backed","backlash","backstabbing","badass","balanced","banned","bargain","barrage","basic","battle","beaming","beat down","beating","beautiful","beauty","begging","behind the scenes","belief","belong","best","best-selling","better","beware","big","billion","black market","blacklisted","blast","blessed","blinded","blissful","blood","bloodbath","bloodcurdling","bloody","blunder","blushing","bold","bomb","bona","bona fide","bonanza","bonus","bootleg","bottom line","bountiful","brave","bravery","brazen","break","breaking","breakthrough","breathtaking","bright","brilliant","broke","brutal","budget","buffoon","bullshit","bully","bumbling","buy","cadaver","calm","cancel anytime","capable","captivate","captivating","carefree","case study","cash","cataclysmic","catapult","catastrophe","caution","censored","centered","certain","certainly","certified","challenge","charming","cheap","cheat","cheat-sheet","cheer","cheerful","child-like","clarity","classified","clear","clueless","collapse","colorful","colossal","comfortable","compare","competitive","complete","completely","completeness","comprehensive","compromise","compulsive","concealed","conclusive","condemning","condescending","confess","confession","confessions","confident","confidential","conquer","conscientious","constructive","content","contrary","controlling","controversial","convenient","convert","cool","cooperative","copy","corpse","corrupt","corrupting","courage","courageous","cover-up","covert","coward","cowardly","crammed","crave","crazy","create","creative","cringeworthy","cripple","crisis","critical","crooked","crush","crushing","damaging","danger","dangerous","daring","dazzling","dead","deadline","deadly","death","decadent","deceived","deceptive","deep","defiance","definitely","definitive","defying","dejected","delicious","delight","delighted","delightful","delirious","delivered","demoralizing","deplorable","depraved","desire","desperate","despicable","destiny","destroy","detailed","devastating","devoted","diagnosed","direct","dirty","disadvantages","disastrous","discount","discover","disdainful","disempowered","disgusted","disgusting","dishonest","disillusioned","disoriented","distracted","distraught","distressed","distrustful","divulge","document","dollar","dominate","doomed","double","doubtful","download","dreadful","dreamy","drive","drowning","dumb","dynamic","eager","earnest","easily","easy","economical","ecstatic","edge","effective","efficient","effortless","elated","eliminate","elite","embarrass","embarrassed","embarrassing","emergency","emerging","emphasize","empowered","enchant","encouraged","endorsed","energetic","energy","enormous","enraged","enthusiastic","envy","epic","epidemic","essential","ethical","euphoric","evil","exactly","exasperated","excellent","excited","excitement","exciting","exclusive","exclusivity","excruciating","exhilarated","expensive","expert","explode","exploit","explosive","exposed","exquisite","extra","extraordinary","extremely","exuberant","eye-opening","fail","fail-proof","failure","faith","famous","fantasy","fascinating","fatigued","faux","faux pas","fearless","feast","feeble","festive","fide","fierce","fight","final","fine","fired","first","first ever","flirt","fluid","focus","focused","fool","fooled","foolish","forbidden","force-fed","forever","forgiving","forgotten","formula","fortune","foul","frantic","free","freebie","freedom","frenzied","frenzy","frightening","frisky","frugal","frustrated","fulfill","fulfilled","full","fully","fun","fun-loving","fundamentals","funniest","funny","furious","gambling","gargantuan","genius","genuine","gift","gigantic","giveaway","glamorous","gleeful","glorious","glowing","goddamn","gorgeous","graceful","grateful","gratified","gravity","great","greatest","greatness","greed","greedy","gripping","grit","grounded","growth","guaranteed","guilt","guilt-free","gullible","guts","hack","happiness","happy","harmful","harsh","hate","have you heard","havoc","hazardous","healthy","heart","heartbreaking","heartwarming","heavenly","hell","helpful","helplessness","hero","hesitant","hidden","high tech","highest","highly effective","hilarious","hoak","hoax","honest","honored","hope","hopeful","horribly","horrific","horrifying","horror","hostile","how to","huge","humility","humor","hurricane","hurry","hypnotic","idiot","ignite","illegal","illusive","imagination","immediately","imminently","impatience","impatient","impenetrable","important","impressive","improved","in the zone","incapable","incapacitated","incompetent","inconsiderate","increase","incredible","indecisive","indulgence","indulgent","inexpensive","inferior","informative","infuriated","ingredients","innocent","innovative","insane","insecure","insider","insidious","inspired","inspiring","instant savings","instantly","instructive","insult","intel","intelligent","intense","interesting","intriguing","introducing","invasion","investment","iron-clad","ironclad","irresistible","irs","is here","jackpot","jail","jaw-dropping","jealous","jeopardy","jittery","jovial","joyous","jubilant","judgmental","jumpstart","just arrived","keen","kickass","kickstart","kill","killed","killing","kills","know it all","lame","largest","lascivious","last","last chance","last minute","latest","laugh","laughing","launch","launching","lavishly","lawsuit","lazy","left behind","legendary","legitimate","liberal","liberated","lick","lies","life-changing","lifetime","light","lighthearted","likely","limited","literally","little-known","loathsome","lonely","looming","loser","lost","love","lucrative","lunatic","lurking","lust","luxurious","luxury","lying","magic","magical","magnificent","mainstream","malicious","mammoth","manipulative","marked down","massive","master","masterclass","maul","mediocre","meditative","meltdown","memorability","memorable","menacing","mesmerizing","meticulous","mind-blowing","minimalist","miracle","mired","mischievous","misgiving","missing out","mistake","monetize","money","moneyback","moneygrubbing","monumental","most important","motivated","mouth-watering","murder","mystery","nail","naked","natural","naughty","nazi","nest egg","never","new","nightmare","no good","no obligation","no one talks about","no questions asked","no risk","no strings attached","non-controlling","noted","novelty","now","obnoxious","obsessed","obsession","obvious","odd","off-kilter","off-limits","off-the record","offensive","official","okay","on-demand","open-minded","opportunities","optimistic","ordeal","outlawed","outrageousness","outstanding","overcome","overjoyed","overnight","overwhelmed","packed","painful","painless","painstaking","pale","panic","panicked","paralyzed","pas","passionate","pathetic","pay zero","payback","perfect","peril","perplexed","perspective","pessimistic","pioneering","piranha","pitfall","pitiful","placid","plague","played","playful","pleased","pluck","plummet","plunge","poison","poisonous","polarizing","poor","popular","portfolio","pound","powerful","powerless","practical","preposterous","prestige","price","priceless","pride","prison","privacy","private","privileged","prize","problem","productive","professional","profit","profitable","profound","promiscuous","promising","promote","protect","protected","proven","provocative","provoke","psychological","pummel","punch","punish","pus","quadruple","quality","quarrelsome","quick","quick-start","quickly","quiet","radiant","rare","ravenous","rebellious","recession-proof","reckoning","recognized","recommend","recreate","reduced","reflective","refugee","refund","refundable","reject","relaxed","release","relentless","reliable","remarkable","replicate","report","reprimanding","repulsed","repulsive","research","resentful","resourceful","responsible","responsive","rested","restricted","results","retaliating","reveal","revealing","revenge","revengeful","revisited","revolting","revolutionary","reward","rich","ridiculous","risky","riveting","rookie","rowdy","ruin","rules","ruthless","sabotaging","sacred","sadistic","sadly","sadness","safe","safety","sale","sampler","sarcastic","satisfied","savage","savagery","save","savings","savvy","scam","scandal","scandalous","scarce","scared","scary","scornful","scream","searing","secret","secret agenda","secret plot","secrets","secure","security","seductive","seething","seize","selected","self-hating","self-sufficient","sensational","senseless","sensual","serene","seriously","severe","sex","sexy","shaking","shameful","shameless","shaming","shatter","shellacking","shocking","should","shrewd","sick and tired","signs","silly","simple","simplicity","simplified","simplistic","sincere","sinful","sins","six-figure","sizable","sizzle","sizzled","sizzles","sizzling","sizzlingly","skill","skyrocket","slaughter","slave","sleazy","sleeping","sly","smash","smiling","smug","smuggle","smuggled","sneak-peek","sneaky","sniveling","snob","snooty","snotty","soar","soaring","solid","solution","spank","special","spectacular","speedy","spell-binding","spine","spirit","spirited","spiteful","spoiler","spontaneous","spotlight","spunky","squirming","stable","staggering","startling","steady","steal","stealthy","steamy","step-by-step","still","stoic","stop","strange","strangle","strategy","stressed","strong","strongly suggest","struggle","stuck up","studies","stunning","stupid","stupid-simple","sturdy","sublime","succeed","success","successful","suck","suddenly","suffer","sunny","super","super-human","superb","supercharge","superior","supported","supportive","sure","sure fire","surefire","surge","surging","surprise","surprised","surprising","survival","survive","suspicious","sweaty","swoon","swoon-worthy","tailspin","tank","tantalizing","targeted","tawdry","tease","technology","teetering","tempting","tenacious","tense","terrible","terrific","terrified","terrifying","terror","terrorist","tested","thankful","the truth","threaten","threatened","thrilled","thrilling","thug","ticked off","tickled","timely","today","torture","toxic","track record","trade secret","tragedy","tragic","transform","transparency","trap","trapped","trauma","traumatized","treacherous","treasure","tremendous","trend","tricks","triggers","triple","triumph","truly","trusting","trustworthy","truth","truthful","turbo-charge","turbocharges","tweaks","twitching","ultimate","unadulterated","unassuming","unauthorized","unbelievable","unburdened","uncaring","uncensored","uncertain","uncomfortable","unconditional","uncontrollable","unconventional","uncovered","undeniable","under priced","undercover","underground","underhanded","underused","unexpected","unforgettable","unheard of","unhurried","uninterested","unique","unjustified","unknowingly","unleashed","unlimited","unlock","unparalleled","unpopular","unreliable","unresponsive","unseen","unstable","unstoppable","unsure","unsurpassed","untapped","unusual","up-sell","upbeat","uplifted","uplifting","urge","urgent","useful","useless","validate","valor","valuable","value","vanquish","vaporize","venomous","verify","vibrant","vicious","victim","victory","vigorous","vilified","vindictive","violated","violent","volatile","vulnerable","waiting","wanted","wanton","warning","waste","weak","wealth","weird","what no one tells you","whip","whopping","wicked","wild","willpower","withheld","wonderful","wondrous","woozy","world","worry","worst","worthwhile","wounded","wreaking","youthful","zen","zinger"],"diacritics":{"A":"[\\u0041\\u24B6\\uFF21\\u00C0\\u00C1\\u00C2\\u1EA6\\u1EA4\\u1EAA\\u1EA8\\u00C3\\u0100\\u0102\\u1EB0\\u1EAE\\u1EB4\\u1EB2\\u0226\\u01E0\\u00C4\\u01DE\\u1EA2\\u00C5\\u01FA\\u01CD\\u0200\\u0202\\u1EA0\\u1EAC\\u1EB6\\u1E00\\u0104\\u023A\\u2C6F]","AA":"[\\uA732]","AE":"[\\u00C6\\u01FC\\u01E2]","AO":"[\\uA734]","AU":"[\\uA736]","AV":"[\\uA738\\uA73A]","AY":"[\\uA73C]","B":"[\\u0042\\u24B7\\uFF22\\u1E02\\u1E04\\u1E06\\u0243\\u0182\\u0181]","C":"[\\u0043\\u24B8\\uFF23\\u0106\\u0108\\u010A\\u010C\\u00C7\\u1E08\\u0187\\u023B\\uA73E]","D":"[\\u0044\\u24B9\\uFF24\\u1E0A\\u010E\\u1E0C\\u1E10\\u1E12\\u1E0E\\u0110\\u018B\\u018A\\u0189\\uA779]","DZ":"[\\u01F1\\u01C4]","Dz":"[\\u01F2\\u01C5]","E":"[\\u0045\\u24BA\\uFF25\\u00C8\\u00C9\\u00CA\\u1EC0\\u1EBE\\u1EC4\\u1EC2\\u1EBC\\u0112\\u1E14\\u1E16\\u0114\\u0116\\u00CB\\u1EBA\\u011A\\u0204\\u0206\\u1EB8\\u1EC6\\u0228\\u1E1C\\u0118\\u1E18\\u1E1A\\u0190\\u018E]","F":"[\\u0046\\u24BB\\uFF26\\u1E1E\\u0191\\uA77B]","G":"[\\u0047\\u24BC\\uFF27\\u01F4\\u011C\\u1E20\\u011E\\u0120\\u01E6\\u0122\\u01E4\\u0193\\uA7A0\\uA77D\\uA77E]","H":"[\\u0048\\u24BD\\uFF28\\u0124\\u1E22\\u1E26\\u021E\\u1E24\\u1E28\\u1E2A\\u0126\\u2C67\\u2C75\\uA78D]","I":"[\\u0049\\u24BE\\uFF29\\u00CC\\u00CD\\u00CE\\u0128\\u012A\\u012C\\u0130\\u00CF\\u1E2E\\u1EC8\\u01CF\\u0208\\u020A\\u1ECA\\u012E\\u1E2C\\u0197]","J":"[\\u004A\\u24BF\\uFF2A\\u0134\\u0248]","K":"[\\u004B\\u24C0\\uFF2B\\u1E30\\u01E8\\u1E32\\u0136\\u1E34\\u0198\\u2C69\\uA740\\uA742\\uA744\\uA7A2]","L":"[\\u004C\\u24C1\\uFF2C\\u013F\\u0139\\u013D\\u1E36\\u1E38\\u013B\\u1E3C\\u1E3A\\u0141\\u023D\\u2C62\\u2C60\\uA748\\uA746\\uA780]","LJ":"[\\u01C7]","Lj":"[\\u01C8]","M":"[\\u004D\\u24C2\\uFF2D\\u1E3E\\u1E40\\u1E42\\u2C6E\\u019C]","N":"[\\u004E\\u24C3\\uFF2E\\u01F8\\u0143\\u00D1\\u1E44\\u0147\\u1E46\\u0145\\u1E4A\\u1E48\\u0220\\u019D\\uA790\\uA7A4]","NJ":"[\\u01CA]","Nj":"[\\u01CB]","O":"[\\u004F\\u24C4\\uFF2F\\u00D2\\u00D3\\u00D4\\u1ED2\\u1ED0\\u1ED6\\u1ED4\\u00D5\\u1E4C\\u022C\\u1E4E\\u014C\\u1E50\\u1E52\\u014E\\u022E\\u0230\\u00D6\\u022A\\u1ECE\\u0150\\u01D1\\u020C\\u020E\\u01A0\\u1EDC\\u1EDA\\u1EE0\\u1EDE\\u1EE2\\u1ECC\\u1ED8\\u01EA\\u01EC\\u00D8\\u01FE\\u0186\\u019F\\uA74A\\uA74C]","OI":"[\\u01A2]","OO":"[\\uA74E]","OU":"[\\u0222]","P":"[\\u0050\\u24C5\\uFF30\\u1E54\\u1E56\\u01A4\\u2C63\\uA750\\uA752\\uA754]","Q":"[\\u0051\\u24C6\\uFF31\\uA756\\uA758\\u024A]","R":"[\\u0052\\u24C7\\uFF32\\u0154\\u1E58\\u0158\\u0210\\u0212\\u1E5A\\u1E5C\\u0156\\u1E5E\\u024C\\u2C64\\uA75A\\uA7A6\\uA782]","S":"[\\u0053\\u24C8\\uFF33\\u1E9E\\u015A\\u1E64\\u015C\\u1E60\\u0160\\u1E66\\u1E62\\u1E68\\u0218\\u015E\\u2C7E\\uA7A8\\uA784]","T":"[\\u0054\\u24C9\\uFF34\\u1E6A\\u0164\\u1E6C\\u021A\\u0162\\u1E70\\u1E6E\\u0166\\u01AC\\u01AE\\u023E\\uA786]","TZ":"[\\uA728]","U":"[\\u0055\\u24CA\\uFF35\\u00D9\\u00DA\\u00DB\\u0168\\u1E78\\u016A\\u1E7A\\u016C\\u00DC\\u01DB\\u01D7\\u01D5\\u01D9\\u1EE6\\u016E\\u0170\\u01D3\\u0214\\u0216\\u01AF\\u1EEA\\u1EE8\\u1EEE\\u1EEC\\u1EF0\\u1EE4\\u1E72\\u0172\\u1E76\\u1E74\\u0244]","V":"[\\u0056\\u24CB\\uFF36\\u1E7C\\u1E7E\\u01B2\\uA75E\\u0245]","VY":"[\\uA760]","W":"[\\u0057\\u24CC\\uFF37\\u1E80\\u1E82\\u0174\\u1E86\\u1E84\\u1E88\\u2C72]","X":"[\\u0058\\u24CD\\uFF38\\u1E8A\\u1E8C]","Y":"[\\u0059\\u24CE\\uFF39\\u1EF2\\u00DD\\u0176\\u1EF8\\u0232\\u1E8E\\u0178\\u1EF6\\u1EF4\\u01B3\\u024E\\u1EFE]","Z":"[\\u005A\\u24CF\\uFF3A\\u0179\\u1E90\\u017B\\u017D\\u1E92\\u1E94\\u01B5\\u0224\\u2C7F\\u2C6B\\uA762]","a":"[\\u0061\\u24D0\\uFF41\\u1E9A\\u00E0\\u00E1\\u00E2\\u1EA7\\u1EA5\\u1EAB\\u1EA9\\u00E3\\u0101\\u0103\\u1EB1\\u1EAF\\u1EB5\\u1EB3\\u0227\\u01E1\\u00E4\\u01DF\\u1EA3\\u00E5\\u01FB\\u01CE\\u0201\\u0203\\u1EA1\\u1EAD\\u1EB7\\u1E01\\u0105\\u2C65\\u0250]","aa":"[\\uA733]","ae":"[\\u00E6\\u01FD\\u01E3]","ao":"[\\uA735]","au":"[\\uA737]","av":"[\\uA739\\uA73B]","ay":"[\\uA73D]","b":"[\\u0062\\u24D1\\uFF42\\u1E03\\u1E05\\u1E07\\u0180\\u0183\\u0253]","c":"[\\u0063\\u24D2\\uFF43\\u0107\\u0109\\u010B\\u010D\\u00E7\\u1E09\\u0188\\u023C\\uA73F\\u2184]","d":"[\\u0064\\u24D3\\uFF44\\u1E0B\\u010F\\u1E0D\\u1E11\\u1E13\\u1E0F\\u0111\\u018C\\u0256\\u0257\\uA77A]","dz":"[\\u01F3\\u01C6]","e":"[\\u0065\\u24D4\\uFF45\\u00E8\\u00E9\\u00EA\\u1EC1\\u1EBF\\u1EC5\\u1EC3\\u1EBD\\u0113\\u1E15\\u1E17\\u0115\\u0117\\u00EB\\u1EBB\\u011B\\u0205\\u0207\\u1EB9\\u1EC7\\u0229\\u1E1D\\u0119\\u1E19\\u1E1B\\u0247\\u025B\\u01DD]","f":"[\\u0066\\u24D5\\uFF46\\u1E1F\\u0192\\uA77C]","g":"[\\u0067\\u24D6\\uFF47\\u01F5\\u011D\\u1E21\\u011F\\u0121\\u01E7\\u0123\\u01E5\\u0260\\uA7A1\\u1D79\\uA77F]","h":"[\\u0068\\u24D7\\uFF48\\u0125\\u1E23\\u1E27\\u021F\\u1E25\\u1E29\\u1E2B\\u1E96\\u0127\\u2C68\\u2C76\\u0265]","hv":"[\\u0195]","i":"[\\u0069\\u24D8\\uFF49\\u00EC\\u00ED\\u00EE\\u0129\\u012B\\u012D\\u00EF\\u1E2F\\u1EC9\\u01D0\\u0209\\u020B\\u1ECB\\u012F\\u1E2D\\u0268\\u0131]","j":"[\\u006A\\u24D9\\uFF4A\\u0135\\u01F0\\u0249]","k":"[\\u006B\\u24DA\\uFF4B\\u1E31\\u01E9\\u1E33\\u0137\\u1E35\\u0199\\u2C6A\\uA741\\uA743\\uA745\\uA7A3]","l":"[\\u006C\\u24DB\\uFF4C\\u0140\\u013A\\u013E\\u1E37\\u1E39\\u013C\\u1E3D\\u1E3B\\u017F\\u0142\\u019A\\u026B\\u2C61\\uA749\\uA781\\uA747]","lj":"[\\u01C9]","m":"[\\u006D\\u24DC\\uFF4D\\u1E3F\\u1E41\\u1E43\\u0271\\u026F]","n":"[\\u006E\\u24DD\\uFF4E\\u01F9\\u0144\\u00F1\\u1E45\\u0148\\u1E47\\u0146\\u1E4B\\u1E49\\u019E\\u0272\\u0149\\uA791\\uA7A5]","nj":"[\\u01CC]","o":"[\\u006F\\u24DE\\uFF4F\\u00F2\\u00F3\\u00F4\\u1ED3\\u1ED1\\u1ED7\\u1ED5\\u00F5\\u1E4D\\u022D\\u1E4F\\u014D\\u1E51\\u1E53\\u014F\\u022F\\u0231\\u00F6\\u022B\\u1ECF\\u0151\\u01D2\\u020D\\u020F\\u01A1\\u1EDD\\u1EDB\\u1EE1\\u1EDF\\u1EE3\\u1ECD\\u1ED9\\u01EB\\u01ED\\u00F8\\u01FF\\u0254\\uA74B\\uA74D\\u0275]","oi":"[\\u01A3]","ou":"[\\u0223]","oo":"[\\uA74F]","p":"[\\u0070\\u24DF\\uFF50\\u1E55\\u1E57\\u01A5\\u1D7D\\uA751\\uA753\\uA755]","q":"[\\u0071\\u24E0\\uFF51\\u024B\\uA757\\uA759]","r":"[\\u0072\\u24E1\\uFF52\\u0155\\u1E59\\u0159\\u0211\\u0213\\u1E5B\\u1E5D\\u0157\\u1E5F\\u024D\\u027D\\uA75B\\uA7A7\\uA783]","s":"[\\u0073\\u24E2\\uFF53\\u015B\\u1E65\\u015D\\u1E61\\u0161\\u1E67\\u1E63\\u1E69\\u0219\\u015F\\u023F\\uA7A9\\uA785\\u1E9B]","ss":"[\\u00DF]","t":"[\\u0074\\u24E3\\uFF54\\u1E6B\\u1E97\\u0165\\u1E6D\\u021B\\u0163\\u1E71\\u1E6F\\u0167\\u01AD\\u0288\\u2C66\\uA787]","tz":"[\\uA729]","u":"[\\u0075\\u24E4\\uFF55\\u00F9\\u00FA\\u00FB\\u0169\\u1E79\\u016B\\u1E7B\\u016D\\u00FC\\u01DC\\u01D8\\u01D6\\u01DA\\u1EE7\\u016F\\u0171\\u01D4\\u0215\\u0217\\u01B0\\u1EEB\\u1EE9\\u1EEF\\u1EED\\u1EF1\\u1EE5\\u1E73\\u0173\\u1E77\\u1E75\\u0289]","v":"[\\u0076\\u24E5\\uFF56\\u1E7D\\u1E7F\\u028B\\uA75F\\u028C]","vy":"[\\uA761]","w":"[\\u0077\\u24E6\\uFF57\\u1E81\\u1E83\\u0175\\u1E87\\u1E85\\u1E98\\u1E89\\u2C73]","x":"[\\u0078\\u24E7\\uFF58\\u1E8B\\u1E8D]","y":"[\\u0079\\u24E8\\uFF59\\u1EF3\\u00FD\\u0177\\u1EF9\\u0233\\u1E8F\\u00FF\\u1EF7\\u1E99\\u1EF5\\u01B4\\u024F\\u1EFF]","z":"[\\u007A\\u24E9\\uFF5A\\u017A\\u1E91\\u017C\\u017E\\u1E93\\u1E95\\u01B6\\u0225\\u0240\\u2C6C\\uA763]"},"researchesTests":["contentHasTOC","contentHasShortParagraphs","contentHasAssets","keywordInTitle","keywordInMetaDescription","keywordInPermalink","keywordIn10Percent","keywordInContent","keywordInSubheadings","keywordInImageAlt","keywordDensity","keywordNotUsed","lengthContent","lengthPermalink","linksHasInternal","linksHasExternals","linksNotAllExternals","titleStartWithKeyword","titleSentiment","titleHasPowerWords","titleHasNumber","hasContentAI"],"hasRedirection":true,"hasBreadcrumb":true},"homeUrl":"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/en","objectID":13613,"objectType":"post","locale":"en","localeFull":"en_US","overlayImages":{"play":{"name":"Play icon","url":"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-play.png","path":"\/is\/htdocs\/wp1053477_D86FYO0O3C\/www\/wordpress2020\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-play.png","position":"middle_center"},"gif":{"name":"GIF icon","url":"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-gif.png","path":"\/is\/htdocs\/wp1053477_D86FYO0O3C\/www\/wordpress2020\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/icon-gif.png","position":"middle_center"}},"defautOgImage":"https:\/\/www.dg-aviation.de\/en\/wp-content\/plugins\/seo-by-rank-math\/assets\/admin\/img\/social-placeholder.jpg","customPermalinks":true,"isUserRegistered":true,"autoSuggestKeywords":true,"connectSiteUrl":"https:\/\/rankmath.com\/auth?site=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dg-aviation.de%2Fen&r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dg-aviation.de%2Fen%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F13613%2F%3Fnonce%3Dd159258595","maxTags":5,"trendsIcon":"